(A previous version of this text was published on this blog in Portuguese under the title "Dvar Torá: As muitas cores do Sh´má Israel")
Shabbat Shalom,
During my rabbinic training, I studied at two different institutions. I began at Hebrew Union College — the academic institution of the Reform Movement — on its Los Angeles campus, and completed my studies at Hebrew College, a pluralistic rabbinic seminary near Boston.
While I was still in Los Angeles, I took a class with Rabbi Stephen Passamaneck. In addition to teaching rabbinical students, “Dr P,” as we affectionately called him, was also a chaplain for the Los Angeles Police Department — and he often brought his firearm to class, placing it on the desk for all of us to look at and be scared by it. Many students left his classroom in tears after some particularly harsh comment, and he took pride in causing that reaction. But eccentricities aside, what stayed with me most from the two semesters I studied with Dr P was a single statement of his: “The Torah means what the Rabbis say it means.” Here, he did not mean the future rabbis he had in front of him, but the Rabbis with capital “R”. He was talking about Hillel, Shammai, Rabi Yohanan, Rashi, Maimonides….
In other words: we could, as an intellectual exercise, go through the text, turn it over and over, and try to discover the original meaning of each phrase — even each letter — of the biblical text. But when it comes to the implications of Torah for contemporary Jewish life, what matters are the interpretations given by the rabbis of the Mishnah, the Talmud, the midrashim, and the early codes of Jewish law — people who lived at least eight hundred years ago.
Dr P was certainly right when it comes to matters of Jewish law and practice. It’s no use debating the original intention of the Torah when it says three times, “Do not cook a kid in its mother’s milk.” The rabbinic interpretation — that this verse prohibits mixing (not just cooking) meat and milk (not just the kid in its mother’s milk) — became so deeply ingrained in Jewish communal life that I often struggle to show students that this is not necessarily the literal meaning of the text.
When the topic leans more toward theology, however, the door opens wider for later generations to revisit meanings ascribed by earlier sages. One of the most famous theological declarations in all of Torah appears in this week’s parashah:
If I were to survey you on what these six words mean, I imagine most would say you understand them — that they are the foundational declaration of Jewish monotheism. In the end, many people understand the Sh’ma as the Jewish way of saying there is only one God.
But is that really what the text is saying? Today I’d like to explore a few interpretations beyond the conventional one and invite each of you to reconsider what this verse might be teaching us.
Rashi, the 11th-century French commentator — whose interlinear glosses in the Talmud are indispensable to our understanding of that work — believed the Sh’ma required a similar kind of interpretative expansion. For him, the verse should be understood as: “Hear, O Israel: ה׳, who is our God now, will one day be recognised as the One and Only God throughout the world.” He concludes his comment by quoting a line we know from the Aleinu:
Rabbi Avraham Samuel Benjamin Sofer, who lived in 19th-century Hungary, asked why God’s name appears twice in the Sh’ma. Wouldn’t it be simpler, he wondered, for the verse to say, “Hear, O Israel: Adonai is our God and is One”? According to him, Moses’s aim in repeating God’s name was to underscore that everything in our lives comes from God — our successes and our failures, the times when we are lucky and those when everything goes wrong. Even though all things may come from God, the Torah instructs us clearly to distinguish between good and evil, between that which leads to life and that which leads to death — and to choose what is good and life-giving. [2]
Rabbi Art Green seems to agree, but he goes even further:
Hear, O Israel. The core of our service is not a prayer but a call — a call to our fellow Jews and fellow human beings. In it, we declare that God is One — which means that humanity is one, that life is one, that joy and suffering are one — for God is the force that unites all of it.
There is nothing obvious about this truth, because life as we live it seems infinitely fragmented. Human beings appear isolated from one another, divided by the fears and hatreds that make up human history. Even within a single life, one moment feels disconnected from the next. Memories of joy and wholeness offer little comfort when we are depressed or alone.
To affirm that all is One in God is our supreme act of faith. [3]
Feminist theologian Judith Plaskow takes this exploration even further. She writes:
On the simplest level, the Sh’ma can be understood as a passionate rejection of polytheism. (…)
This understanding of the Sh’ma, however, does not address the issue of God’s oneness. It defines “one” in opposition to “many, ” but it never really specifies what it means to say that God/Adonai/the One who is and will be is one. Is God’s oneness mere numerical singularity? Does it signify simply that rather than many forces ruling the universe, there is only one? (…)
There is another way to understand oneness, however, and that is as inclusiveness. In Marcia Falk’s words, “The authentic expression of an authentic monotheism is not a singularity of image but an embracing unity of a multiplicity of images.” Rather than being the chief deity in the pantheon, God includes the qualities and characteristics of the whole pantheon, with nothing remaining outside. God is all in all. This is the God who “forms light and createsdarkness, who makes peace and creates everything,” because there can be no power other than or in opposition to God who could possibly be responsible for evil. This is the God who is male and female, both and neither, because there is no genderedness outside of God that is not made in God’s image. On this understanding of oneness, extending the range of images we use for God challenges us to find God in ever-new aspects of creation. Monotheism is about the capacity to glimpse the One in and through the changing forms of the many, to see the whole in and through its infinite images.
“Hear O Israel”: despite the fractured, scattered, and conflicted nature of our experience, there is a unity that embraces and contains our diversity and that connects all things to each other. [4]
Marcia Falk, the poet-theologian who had the immense chutzpah to rewrite the entire siddur, including its biblical passages, usually wrote texts in Hebrew and in English that are not direct translations of each other. She reframed the Sh’ma as follows:
which translates to:
or in its version in English:
the many are One” [5]
It is Marcia Falk’s vision that comes to mind when I recite the Sh’ma. In her words, we recognise the connection we share through God, while also embracing the vast diversity within God. As Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik — the leading voice of Modern Orthodoxy in North America — expressed it, “The white light of divinity is always refracted through reality’s dome of many colored glass.”
On this Tu b’Av, the Jewish festival of love, we celebrate all colours, all shapes, and all expressions of love — recognising that the Divine dwells within them all.
Shabbat Shalom!
[1] Rashi’s commentary on Deut. 6:4
[2] A Torah Commentary for Our Times, vol. 3, pp. 110–111.
[3] Ma’ayan Niguer (manuscript), p. 12.
[4] My People’s Prayer Book, vol. 1, pp. 87–99.
[5] Marcia Falk, The Book of Blessings, pp. 170–173.
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